What causes type 1 diabetes?

Extensive research is underway in the diabetes field, focusing on optimal treatments for type 1 diabetes (T1D) and exploring potential prevention and cure strategies. Certain researchers assert that identifying the causes is a crucial first step. If you’ve had a positive type 1 diabetes diagnosis, you might have many questions, many that have no clear answers yet. The precise triggers behind the onset of T1D remain elusive, with various hypotheses in play. Many experts concur that the development of T1D is associated with a genetic predisposition for certain individuals, while environmental factors likely play a role, though in a less clearly defined manner. Herein, we’ll take a glance at some of the commonly identified causes of type 1 diabetes.

The genetics

Genetic predisposition is the most common cause associated with TD1. This is because TD1 is an autoimmune condition in which the immune system mistakenly targets and destroys healthy cells rather than defending the body from infections. TD1 occurs when the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas are destroyed. One key factor that can trigger such an autoimmune reaction is a genetic component passed down from parents.

Family history plays a crucial role, meaning that a child with a parent who has T1D may inherit a genetic predisposition, increasing their likelihood of developing type 1 diabetes. This is especially true if one or both parents or their twin siblings are affected by this condition. The likelihood of developing T1D stands at under 1% in the absence of a family history. However, this figure climbs to 3–5% if a parent is affected and approaches 50% if an identical twin has the condition.

Environmental considerations

Environmental factors refer to elements that can be altered and are not influenced by conditions present at birth. The common environmental factors associated with TD1 include:

• Intestinal flora: Each person’s intestinal microbiota is closely linked to nutrition. Researchers have suggested that the gut microbiota may influence the immune system and trigger T1D in some people, suggesting that food may contribute to this disorder.
• Viral infections: Infections like rubella, coxsackie, and mumps viruses can trigger an autoimmune response in predisposed people. Instead of targeting the virus, the immune system damages pancreatic beta cells, causing TD1.
• Vitamin deficiency: The immune system benefits from vitamin D. Researchers observed that children under 18 with T1D have lower vitamin D levels than normal youngsters. Therefore, vitamin D deficiency is associated with T1D.

Other environmental factors, like geographic considerations, are also associated with TD1. For instance, TD1 is prevalent in northern countries, which, besides being associated with colder temperatures and a high risk of viral infection, also aligns with the notion that Vitamin D deficiency rates are lower due to less sun exposure.

Given the above causes, more commonly termed risk factors, type 1 diabetes prevention and cure are quite tricky. However, a positive type 1 diabetes diagnosis does not mean it is the end. This chronic autoimmune condition is manageable through proper measures, including healthier nutrition, physical activity, and medication. These measures allow those with the conditions to lead an active, productive, and longer life.